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Steeply sustainable - Low carbon passive design wonder on impossible Cork site
The unique split-level, wedge-shaped plan of this striking and award-winning new passive house in Cork isn’t just for show — it is a carefully thought-out response to an extremely challenging site, and an example of how great architecture can create beautiful, sustainable buildings in even the most unlikely of spaces, and with a fraction of the upfront carbon costs of traditional build methods.
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€95 per year (calculated space heating use)
Building: 180 sqm split-level timber frame house
Completed: September 2017
Location: Douglas, Co Cork
Budget: €360,000
Standard: Passive house certified
Embodied carbon: Circa 35% of the CO2 emissions of a comparable traditional build*
*See box out on upfront carbon costs for a detailed explanation and breakdown of the embodied carbon calculations.
This house looks at first like one of those highly ambitious contemporary ‘grand designs’ built as a no-expensespared showcase for the talents and imagination of the team of architects, engineers and builders behind it. Although it has clearly been designed to fit on a steeply sloping site, this wedge-shaped home would surely win awards for its aesthetics alone.
The true story of its gestation is as far from this first impression as you could imagine. This 180 square metre passive-certified home, built on a very tight budget, has certainly won awards, but they are as much for its highly sustainable and resourceful response to a very technical and problematic brief as for its striking appearance.
Indeed, in choosing this compact house design as its overall winner, the judging panel of the 2019 Isover Awards described it as “the perfect way of doing things in terms of sustainability and design”.
“The design responds ingeniously to an extremely challenging suburban site to prove that world-class energy performance can be achieved with show-stopping aesthetics, utilising low embodied energy materials,” the judging panel said.
Located in the Cork city suburb of Douglas, the house was designed and built by architect Gareth Sullivan as his family home.
“As a young family looking for our first home, we became disillusioned with rising house prices and poor availability of quality choice in the market,” he says. They wanted to be close to the city so even the possibility of a self-build looked to be unattainable given the high price of good sites in the area. So, they decided to look for a more challenging one.
“We set eyes upon a steeply sloping site which had an abundance of issues and apparent problems. It looked implausible, but it was affordable,” says Sullivan. The fact that the site was being sold without planning permission was a further risk, but “having researched the various restrictions presented by the site, we had just enough confidence they could be overcome, so we took the plunge and bought it”.
While Sullivan makes it sound like a reasonable risk, it’s easy to see why the site was viewed by its previous owners as nothing more useful than a builder’s yard. Besides its steeply sloping nature, the site has no less than three wayleaves — protected access routes to various county council services pipes — across it. A minimum separation distance needed to be observed for each.
“The services don’t run through our site but essentially we couldn’t build too close to them,” Sullivan says.
What this meant was that only a small wedge-shaped plot in the corner of the site could be developed, and even access to this was awkward. Furthermore, the county council placed restrictions on the ridge height and south-facing windows to prevent the property overlooking a neighbouring site, severely limiting the house’s solar gain.
So, the house design, as it evolved, was shaped primarily by the need to overcome each of these obstacles. This certainly explains the compact wedge-shaped form, but the solar gain challenge was addressed partly by a PHPP (Passive House Planning Package) analysis to ensure the building fabric would be of a higher standard to compensate, while windows on the south-facing side were set high enough to avoiding any overlooking issues. Additional roof lights also helped, and the living spaces are separated over three levels to track the sun’s path.
Sullivan and his wife, Barbara, bought the site in 2013 and began a lengthy process of liaising with Cork County Council service engineers and the local planner, John Lalor, who was thankfully open-minded. “It took a few design iterations to finally reach a point where planning was secured, and all issues were carefully managed to ensure our house would not negatively impact access to the services or be overbearing for any of our neighbours.”
This article was originally published in issue 31 of Passive House Plus magazine. Want immediate access to all back issues and exclusive extra content? Click here to subscribe for as little as €10, or click here to receive the next issue free of charge
They continued to take their time with the second phase, that of detailing the design and mobilising the construction, which included deciding to self-build. “The self-build approach wasn’t always a given but in the end it was a budget-driven decision to try and reach the level of quality we wanted to.”
“We did consider using a main contractor but once we decided to use a timber frame system it gave me the confidence to take on the self-build challenge, as the ECO Timber Frame package also included insulation and airtightness.”
Starting the build in August 2016, it took a big co-ordination effort by Sullivan to keep things on track to finish just over a year later. He did a useful bit of the labouring work in his spare time and various family members chipped in, too. “It was actually really nice to share the experience of building the house.”
Needless to say, there was much design and engineering head-scratching with the build, according to Sullivan, ranging from maximising light to ensuring the flow of the house wasn’t compromised by separating the different levels, and the difficult orientation.
One fairly significant detail was the frameless glass wrapping around the corner from the entrance door, which required structural steel so that the engineer could cantilever that corner to eliminate the post. But the reward was an extra 300 mm in width to the very narrow entrance, which was badly needed to give it a greater sense of space on arrival.
“Little challenges like this were overcome by some subtle but well-considered moves that thankfully have worked to make the house feel more spacious despite the restrictions,” says Sullivan.
As well as meeting the passive house standard, Sullivan was keen to opt for as many natural materials as possible for the building fabric, something that clearly got a nod of approval from the Isover Award judges. The ECO Timber Frame package and decision to opt for Aquapanel cement board instead of a blockwork outer leaf is probably the most significant element, along with Steico woodfibre board and cellulose recycled newspaper insulation. Even the slate adorning the entrance roof has strong green credentials: Penrhyn Bangor Blue slates boast a projected lifespan measured in centuries, require very little embodied energy to process, and come from the only slate manufacturer in the world that operates to ISO 14001. In this case Celtic grade slates were used – a heavier grade of Welsh slate designed to withstand the harsh climates in Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
We set eyes upon a steeply sloping site… It looked implausible, but it was affordable.
But what does this thoroughly green-sounding building spec mean in terms of measurable environmental impact? Passive House Plus called in the services of Tim Martel, publisher of PHribbon, an add-on to PHPP, the software that’s used to design passive houses, to attempt to work out the effect of these material choices. The results are explained in detail in the box out here, and they’re significant: the house apparently has less than a quarter of the upfront carbon costs it would have had if built to the same standard using a typical cavity wall build method.
Architect Patrick Bradley, one of the Isover Awards judges and a well-known face from RTÉ’s Home of the Year programme, said what makes Steep Wedge House so special is the way it manages to merge both sustainability and aesthetics on a very tricky site. “The architects created something out of a difficult site that’s very beautiful,” he says.
“I thought the detail, and the understanding, and the problem solving that went into the project was excellent. It may just be one individual house, but it provides an example of how to combine sustainability and aesthetics for others to follow — it’s a beautifully designed project that meets the highest standards of sustainability, and that to me is what makes good architecture. The two go hand in hand.”
Like with many self-builds, things are still evolving for the Sullivan’s even after two years, but so far, the house has proved very flexible for the couple and their two toddlers, and Gareth Sullivan says it remains “consistently comfortable”.
He adds: “We have a guest bedroom near the living spaces which has been used mainly as a playroom and then it converts back when guests come to stay. This was an important feature of the house for us as we wanted to make sure we wouldn’t have spaces that would be wasted, and this is working really well.”
The best thing about this project is that it has given us a home.
The couple are also enjoying one of the key features of the house, which is the connection to the garden at the lowest level directly off the kitchen. “As this part of the site is covered by mature trees, we have an unusual sense of escape and it is easy to forget we are in a built-up suburban area. This and the sense of light we get in different parts of the house throughout the day are the highlights for us.”
There is also the benefit of being able to reside close to Douglas village, where Barbara grew up, and which is an easy cycle commute to the city.
“At the end of the day, in spite of all the design challenges, the problematic site and the technical rigour to achieve the passive house standard, the best thing about this project is that it has given us a home. In so many ways that is the most satisfying thing.”
CALCULATIONS SUGGEST UP TO 77% REDUCTION IN EMBODIED CO2
by Tim Martel, AECB
The embodied CO2 of Steep Wedge House was calculated with PHribbon, an add-on for PHPP published by the AECB. We wanted to compare the house as built using timber frame and a slate roof with cavity wall of the same U-value and a concrete tile roof. PHribbon works within PHPP and helped speed up the process. Calculations were from a new version currently being tested that includes transport and there were some adjustments that were made by hand to the final spreadsheet.
The software creates a table on a new Excel tab in PHPP and writes figures as formulas. Internal walls, intermediate floors and the slate roof aren’t included in the PHPP but the software now enables these to be selected and entered. Alternative rows for a cavity wall construction, strip foundations and concrete tiles were also added. The entire house comes in at an estimated total embodied CO2 reduction of 41 to 80% compared to the reference house, depending on whether carbon sequestration in timber products is excluded or included. The biggest savings were from I-beam walls with cellulose insulation instead of concrete blockwork, which also halved transport CO2. Overall, and without counting sequestration, the walls - including Aquapanel cement boards instread of blockwork rainscreens - came in at 8-10 (average: 8.9) tonnes of CO2, compared to cavity walls at 33-37 (average: 35) tonnes CO2. The analysis excluded the concrete retaining wall.
Some uncertainty is reflected in error bars of the result. Most of this is from transport. Some is from variations in installed density (further variability, the variation of embodied CO2 results is being added to PHribbon). Generally, EPDs were favoured if available and a couple were added to the PHribbon library, for KORE EPS insulation and Knauf Aquapanel cement board. An accuracy label is included in the spreadsheet. EPDs were considered good accuracy and the ICE database medium accuracy because the product used may not necessarily be that close to the average across many manufacturers – though it’s important to note that it corresponds to UK averages, which may differ from Irish figures. There were a few low accuracy results where neither of those were available and reasonable assumptions had to be made. There are differing opinions on whether sequestered carbon from timber should be taken into account and the AECB suggested that any storage from timber was not included. Another article is due to come out soon on this. Transport is included. Generally distances were not known so upper and lower figures were derived from three realistic local and long distance scenarios.
Local delivery lorries are often loaded at poor capacity – in this case 30% was used (by weight or volume, whichever is the greater). Return distances from the factory ranged from 120 to 900 mile round trips using two lorry sizes at 30 or 70% capacity. For long trips a smaller capacity local delivery lorry was added. For some materials distances were known from manufacturer to site, but delivery distances were still multiplied by 1.2 to 1.5 to account for extended routes of multi-drop deliveries via a distributor. Windows from Latvia were calculated with a large container ship, small container ship and by road.
Selected project details
Clients: Gareth & Barbara Sullivan
Architect: Simply Architecture
Passive house certifier: Earth Cycle Technologies
Civil & structural engineering: Tanner Structural Designs
Energy consultant: Evan Finnegan
Timber frame: ECO Timber Frame
Quantity surveyor: KSQS
M&E contractor: Energywise Ireland
Heat pump: Daikin, via Energywise Ireland
Heat recovery ventilation: Brink, via Energywise Ireland
Airtightness tester: Pro Air Tight Testing
External render: MS Plastering
Cladding: Aquapanel, via Greenspan
Windows & doors: Viking, via West Windows & Doors
Roof windows: Sky Frame, via West Windows & Doors
Cellulose insulation: Ecocel
Floor insulation: KORE
Screed contractor: Premier Floor Screed
Screed: Cemfloor, via McGrath’s of Cong
Oak flooring: Del Forno Tiles & Timber
Roof: Singly Ply Roofing
Roof slates: Lagan Building Solutions
In detail
Building type: 180 sqm detached (2.5 storey) split level, timber-frame dwelling on sloping site.
Location: Douglas, Cork
Completion date: September 2017
Budget: €360,000 (not including site cost)
Passive house certification: Certified
Space heating demand: 22 kWh/m2/yr
Heat load: 10 W/m2
Primary energy demand: 60 kWh/m2/yr
Heat loss form factor (PHPP): 3.29
Overheating: 6% of year above 25C
Number of occupants: 4
Energy performance coefficient (EPC): 0.282
Carbon performance coefficient (CPC): 0.255
BER: A2 (43.9 kWh/m2/yr)
Environmental assessment method: N/A
Measured energy consumption: Pending
Airtightness: 0.56 ACH at 50 Pa
Thermal bridging: Timber frame system on EPS insulated raft ensured thermal bridge free junctions. Wood fibre insulation to exterior face and reveals. Y-value (based on ACDs and numerical simulations): 0.01 W/mK
Energy costs: Estimated space heating costs of €95.57/year based on DEAP heat pump tool calculated value of 503 kWh/yr, assuming €0.19c per unit. Stove with free wood supply estimated to use 369 kWh/yr.
Ground floor: Concrete raft on 300 mm EPS insulated system by KORE. U-value: 0.10 W/m2K
First floor: BOEN engineered oak wood flooring; on underlay; on 50 mm Cemfloor screed around underfloor heating pipes; On polythene membrane; on 40 mm Steico Therm woodfibre insulation board; on OSB decking, on 375 mm deep open web floor joists with 100 mm Rockwool sound insulation.
Rendered Walls: Factory-built timber frame with Weberend MT render system externally on 15 mm Aquapanel cement board, on 75 x 50 mm vertical battens, on Proctor Frameshield breather membrane, on Steico 22 mm woodfibre board, on 295 x 38 mm cellulose-filled timber stud, on 15 mm taped and sealed OSB, on 50 mm service cavity insulated with Rockwool insulation, on 12.5 mm plasterboard. Where externally render is replaced by timber cladding; 18 mm Iroko vertical cladding, on battens and counter battens on Tyvek UV facade membrane. U-value: 0.11 W/m2K
Retaining wall: Geo-textile membrane externally on drainage membrane, on 200 mm Kingspan Styrozone N 300R insulation, on Preprufe 300R membrane, on 200 mm concrete retaining wall to structural engineer’s design and specifications, on 25 mm top hat steel battens with 25 mm Isover Metac insulation between, 12.5 mm plasterboard slab internally. U-value: 0.13 W/m2K
High pitch roof: Blue Bangor Penrhyn Celtic Grade rugged natural slate externally on 50x35 battens/counter battens, followed underneath by Icopal Monarperm 700 breather membrane, 350 mm rafters fully filled with cellulose insulation, PROFiSOL airtight membrane, 50 mm uninsulated service cavity, 12.5 mm plasterboard ceiling. U-value: 0.13 W/m2K
Low Pitch Roof: Sarnafil PVC membrane on S-Felt externally, on 25 mm Marine plywood, on 50x35 battens/counter battens, on Icopal Monarperm 700 breather membrane, on 346 mm timber I-joists fully filled with cellulose insulation, on PROFiSOL airtight membrane, on 50 mm uninsulated service cavity, on 12.5 mm plasterboard ceiling. U-value: 0.11 W/m2K
Windows: Viking S14 & S11 triple glazed timber-alu clad windows with argon fill. Average overall U-value: 0.8 W/m2K
Roof windows: 3 x Sky Frame flush triple glazed roof lights. Overall U-value: 0.9 W/m2K Heating system: 8kW Daikin Altherma 2 split system air-to-water heat pump with SPF of 356% supplying underfloor heating (& radiators to mezzanine). 260 litre integrated indoor unit
Stove: Contura i5 5Kw wood burning stove. Ventilation: Brink Renovent Excellent 400 Plus MVHR system. 84% efficiency certified by Passive House Institute.
Water: Low flow fixtures
Electricity: Wired for PV panels to roof to allow ease of future installation
Green materials: Timber frame, cellulose insulation, woodfibre insulation, cement boards.
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